LATIN AMERICA AFTER WWII Main Idea: End of WWII did not highly impact Latin America as the Cold war would as it helped spur revolutions in Latin America under Marxism and Soviet backing; the decolonization movement inspired Latin America. · PRI – Party of the Institutionalized Revolution o Existed in Mexico from the 1940s to 2000 o Corrupted system, under PRI there was a lack of social improvement o Little remained of revolutionary principles of the 1910 revolution · Zapatistas o Named after Emiliano Zapata, peasant leader of 1910 revolution o Showed key social issues remained unresolved o Mexican govt = repressed and negotiated o NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) spurred Mexican industry § Trade = ^^ as did fear of loss of economic control between middle class and poor · 2000 o Election ended PRI political monopoly and Vicente Fox = leader of National Action party
RADICAL OPTIONS IN THE 1950s
Main Idea: Key Latin American countries had waves of political and radical unrest and cold war tensions went into effect; Bolivia, Guatemala, and Cuba tried to change the government and society but the cold war did not allow them to do as it forced them to come to terms with the realities the cold war now presented, as the interest of the United States was very important. · Guatemala o Juan Jose Arevalo § President, middle class labor coalition reformer § Under new constitution · Series of programs within context of “spiritual socialism” o Land reform o Improvement in the rights and conditions of rural and industrial workers; programs = sponsorship of intense nationalism · United Fruit Company o Arevalo’s programs put Guatemala into conflict o Colonel Jacobo Arbenz § Won after fierce battle in 1951 § Nationalist program = more radical § Introduced programs to improve/nationalize the transportation network, hydroelectric system, and other areas of the economy § US = afraid of communism and put strict restrictions (economic/diplomatic) § National rhetoric = ^^, govt = ^^ left § 1954 · CIA invades Guatemala and Arbenz govt = fail and reverted back land reform and negotiated accordingly to please United Fruit · Cuban Revolution: Socialism in the Carribean o Cuba = mostly Spaniard and African descendants o Large middle class, literacy, health care = ^^ o Fulgencio Batista § Strong willed authoritarian reformer = risen through lower ranks of army § Reform programs = corrupted, Batista turned into a dictator o Fidel Castro § Young lawyer experienced in leftist university politics, ardent critic of Batista government and ills of Cuban society § 1953 – Castro launched an unsuccessful attack on military barracks § Castro fled to exile in Mexico where Ernesto “Che” Guevara helped gather a small military force · Force = landed in Cuba and began to gather strength · “26th of July Movement” = founded support from students, labor organizations, and rural workers · Operations = able to be conducted against Batista’s armies § Immediately after assuming power, launched programs of sweeping change · Foreign properties = expropriated · Farms = collectivized · Centralized socialist economy = put into place § Ties = severed with US, Cuba = more dependent on Soviet Union
SEARCH FOR REFORM AND MILITARY OPTION
Main Idea: Latin Americans continues to use Catholic, Marxist, and capitalist doctrines to solve their problems and between the 1960s and 1970s, nationalistic, pro-capitalist military governments created new “bureaucratic authoritarian regimes” which for some time played out the cold war interested of the United States, but in the 1980s a democratic wave was emerging. · Liberation theology o Combined Catholic theology and socialist principles o Used Marxist categories for understanding society in an effort to improve conditions for poor · 1960s o Latin American military establishments = began to intervene directly in political processes § Salvador Allende · Socialist government of Chile = overthrown · Soldiers in power = imposed new type of bureaucratic authoritarian regime · New Democratic trends o Argentina + elsewhere in South America in mid 1980s = began to return govt to civilian politicians · Sandinista party o Nicaragua held under threat of US embargo removed the party from control o Presidency = could not be won back · Augusto Sandino o Led resistance movement against occupying troops in Nicaragua until assassinated by US trained National Guard in Nicaragua · 1996 – civilian government = returned to Guatemala · Banana republics o Economic, political, strategic, and ideological interventions · Alliance for Progress o US launched programs that aimed to develop region as alternative to those solutions
SOCITIES IN SEARCH OF CHANGE
Main Idea: Latin American social relations experienced gradual change while population growth, urbanization and the spurt of migration workers continued to challenge the region. · Slow Change in Women’s Roles o Women in Latin America = continued to live under inequalities in workplace and in politics o Feminist organizations, suffrage movements, international pressures = combined to bring change o Argentina § 15 bills = pas § passed for female suffrage in senate in 1945 o Women = eventually discovered that ability to vote did not guarantee political rights or ability have their specific issues heard o Women = tended to join national political parties where traditional prejudiced against women = limited ability to influence political programs o Women = mobilization and integrated into national labor force o Labor organizations = small part of women in labor force o Mid 1990s, position of women in Latin America = closer to the image in western Europe and Northern American than compared to other areas of the world · Movement of People o Populations of both North and Latin America = ^^ o Internationalization of labor market = comparable to movement of workers from poorer countries such as Turkey, Morocco, Portugal, and Spain to stronger economies of West Germany and France o Politics = major impulse for migration
Change Analysis Chart: Latin America
Theme
Basic features at beginning of period
Key Continuities Key Changes
Basic Features at the End of the Period
Causes and effects
Political
-Imperialism -Colonies -Latin America = Marxism and Soviet backing -Argentina = republic -Cuba = socialist -Mexico Revolution -Decolonization in Africa = inspired colonies
-Socialism
-Populism = ^^ (corporatism?) -Church went down, the power of clergy and church = vv as total authoritarian in government took over -Democracy: Brazil, Peru, Argentina
-WWI -WWII -Cold War -Great Depression -Decolonization in Africa -Revolutions -North America = influence
-PRI -North American Free Trade Agreement -Zapatistas -Guatemala - Juan Jose Arevalo -Colonel Jacob Arbenz -Cuban Revolution -Fulgencio Batista -Fidel Castro -Chile - Salvador Allende -Sandinista Party -Democratic Trends -Alliance for Progress
Economic
-plantations -exports to imperial countries -open market with limited interference from government -^^ percentage of foreign investors (a lot of foreigners in general on land, foreign ruled kinda)
-Heavy reliance on foreigners -Exports -Agriculture -Natural resources
-Agriculture -Market dependency -Working class = affected -Industrialization
-World War I -World War II -Great Depression -Isolationist policies -Red Scare, Cold War, Communism vs. Democracy
-Internationalization of labor market -Latin America integration into world market, raw exports, etc. -Industrialization -Nationalist programs of Arbenz tried to take land away, etc. -Reform programs = Batista -Banana republics
Social
Women not equal to men
-Integration of women into workplace (post World Wars + Cold War)
-WWI -WWII -Cold War -Imperialistic traditions -European and the West -North America
-“Spiritual Socialism” -26th of July Movement -Combo of Catholic theology + socialist principles -Womens role in society = gradual change -Feminist organizations, suffrage movements, international pressures -Movement of People -Social modernization
Main Idea: End of WWII did not highly impact Latin America as the Cold war would as it helped spur revolutions in Latin America under Marxism and Soviet backing; the decolonization movement inspired Latin America.
· PRI – Party of the Institutionalized Revolution
o Existed in Mexico from the 1940s to 2000
o Corrupted system, under PRI there was a lack of social improvement
o Little remained of revolutionary principles of the 1910 revolution
· Zapatistas
o Named after Emiliano Zapata, peasant leader of 1910 revolution
o Showed key social issues remained unresolved
o Mexican govt = repressed and negotiated
o NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) spurred Mexican industry
§ Trade = ^^ as did fear of loss of economic control between middle class and poor
· 2000
o Election ended PRI political monopoly and Vicente Fox = leader of National Action party
RADICAL OPTIONS IN THE 1950s
Main Idea: Key Latin American countries had waves of political and radical unrest and cold war tensions went into effect; Bolivia, Guatemala, and Cuba tried to change the government and society but the cold war did not allow them to do as it forced them to come to terms with the realities the cold war now presented, as the interest of the United States was very important.
· Guatemala
o Juan Jose Arevalo
§ President, middle class labor coalition reformer
§ Under new constitution
· Series of programs within context of “spiritual socialism”
o Land reform
o Improvement in the rights and conditions of rural and industrial workers; programs = sponsorship of intense nationalism
· United Fruit Company
o Arevalo’s programs put Guatemala into conflict
o Colonel Jacobo Arbenz
§ Won after fierce battle in 1951
§ Nationalist program = more radical
§ Introduced programs to improve/nationalize the transportation network, hydroelectric system, and other areas of the economy
§ US = afraid of communism and put strict restrictions (economic/diplomatic)
§ National rhetoric = ^^, govt = ^^ left
§ 1954
· CIA invades Guatemala and Arbenz govt = fail and reverted back land reform and negotiated accordingly to please United Fruit
· Cuban Revolution: Socialism in the Carribean
o Cuba = mostly Spaniard and African descendants
o Large middle class, literacy, health care = ^^
o Fulgencio Batista
§ Strong willed authoritarian reformer = risen through lower ranks of army
§ Reform programs = corrupted, Batista turned into a dictator
o Fidel Castro
§ Young lawyer experienced in leftist university politics, ardent critic of Batista government and ills of Cuban society
§ 1953 – Castro launched an unsuccessful attack on military barracks
§ Castro fled to exile in Mexico where Ernesto “Che” Guevara helped gather a small military force
· Force = landed in Cuba and began to gather strength
· “26th of July Movement” = founded support from students, labor organizations, and rural workers
· Operations = able to be conducted against Batista’s armies
§ Immediately after assuming power, launched programs of sweeping change
· Foreign properties = expropriated
· Farms = collectivized
· Centralized socialist economy = put into place
§ Ties = severed with US, Cuba = more dependent on Soviet Union
SEARCH FOR REFORM AND MILITARY OPTION
Main Idea: Latin Americans continues to use Catholic, Marxist, and capitalist doctrines to solve their problems and between the 1960s and 1970s, nationalistic, pro-capitalist military governments created new “bureaucratic authoritarian regimes” which for some time played out the cold war interested of the United States, but in the 1980s a democratic wave was emerging.
· Liberation theology
o Combined Catholic theology and socialist principles
o Used Marxist categories for understanding society in an effort to improve conditions for poor
· 1960s
o Latin American military establishments = began to intervene directly in political processes
§ Salvador Allende
· Socialist government of Chile = overthrown
· Soldiers in power = imposed new type of bureaucratic authoritarian regime
· New Democratic trends
o Argentina + elsewhere in South America in mid 1980s = began to return govt to civilian politicians
· Sandinista party
o Nicaragua held under threat of US embargo removed the party from control
o Presidency = could not be won back
· Augusto Sandino
o Led resistance movement against occupying troops in Nicaragua until assassinated by US trained National Guard in Nicaragua
· 1996 – civilian government = returned to Guatemala
· Banana republics
o Economic, political, strategic, and ideological interventions
· Alliance for Progress
o US launched programs that aimed to develop region as alternative to those solutions
SOCITIES IN SEARCH OF CHANGE
Main Idea: Latin American social relations experienced gradual change while population growth, urbanization and the spurt of migration workers continued to challenge the region.
· Slow Change in Women’s Roles
o Women in Latin America = continued to live under inequalities in workplace and in politics
o Feminist organizations, suffrage movements, international pressures = combined to bring change
o Argentina
§ 15 bills = pas
§ passed for female suffrage in senate in 1945
o Women = eventually discovered that ability to vote did not guarantee political rights or ability have their specific issues heard
o Women = tended to join national political parties where traditional prejudiced against women = limited ability to influence political programs
o Women = mobilization and integrated into national labor force
o Labor organizations = small part of women in labor force
o Mid 1990s, position of women in Latin America = closer to the image in western Europe and Northern American than compared to other areas of the world
· Movement of People
o Populations of both North and Latin America = ^^
o Internationalization of labor market = comparable to movement of workers from poorer countries such as Turkey, Morocco, Portugal, and Spain to stronger economies of West Germany and France
o Politics = major impulse for migration
Change Analysis Chart: Latin America
Key Changes
- Colonies
- Latin America = Marxism and Soviet backing
- Argentina = republic
- Cuba = socialist
- Mexico Revolution
- Decolonization in Africa = inspired colonies
- Church went down, the power of clergy and church = vv as total authoritarian in government took over
- Democracy: Brazil, Peru, Argentina
- WWII
- Cold War
- Great Depression
- Decolonization in Africa
- Revolutions
- North America = influence
- North American Free Trade Agreement
- Zapatistas
- Guatemala - Juan Jose Arevalo
- Colonel Jacob Arbenz
- Cuban Revolution
- Fulgencio Batista
- Fidel Castro
- Chile - Salvador Allende
- Sandinista Party
- Democratic Trends
- Alliance for Progress
- exports to imperial countries
- open market with limited interference from government
- ^^ percentage of foreign investors (a lot of foreigners in general on land, foreign ruled kinda)
- Exports
- Agriculture
- Natural resources
- Market dependency
- Working class = affected
- Industrialization
- World War II
- Great Depression
- Isolationist policies
- Red Scare, Cold War, Communism vs. Democracy
- Latin America integration into world market, raw exports, etc.
- Industrialization
- Nationalist programs of Arbenz tried to take land away, etc.
- Reform programs = Batista
- Banana republics
- WWII
- Cold War
- Imperialistic traditions
- European and the West
- North America
- 26th of July Movement
- Combo of Catholic theology + socialist principles
- Womens role in society = gradual change
- Feminist organizations, suffrage movements, international pressures
- Movement of People
- Social modernization